The surprising cause of stomach ulcers?

In 1984, an enterprising Australian doctor named Barry Marshall decided to take a risk.

Too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain due to stomach ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract.

At the time, few effective treatments for ulcers existed and many sufferers required hospitalization or even surgery.

Desperate for answers, Doctor Marshall swallowed a cloudy broth of bacteria collected from the stomach of one of his patients.

Soon Doctor Marshall was experiencing the same abdominal pain, bloating and vomiting. 10 days later, a camera called an endoscope peered inside his insides. Marshall's stomach was teeming with the same bacteria as his patient. He'd also developed gastritis or severe inflammation of the stomach. The hallmark precursor of ulcers.

Doctor Marshall's idea challenged a misconception that still persists to this day that ulcers are caused by stress, food, or too much stomach acid Marshall thought the culprit was bacterial infections. Initially, his idea was considered crazy by the brightest medical minds on the planet.

But in 2005 he and doctor Robin Warren received the ultimate validation when they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine. Our stomachs are J shaped organs with surprisingly intricate ecosystems awash in hormones and chemicals. The stomach is under constant attack by digestive enzymes, bile proteins, microbes, and the stomachs own acid.

In response, it produces bicarbonate mucus and phospholipids called prostaglandins. To maintain the integrity of its own lining. This delicate balance is constantly regulated and referred to as mucosal defense.

Since the mid 1800s, doctors thought stress alone caused most stomach ulcers. Patients were given antidepressants or tranquilizers and told to visit health spas. This belief eventually shifted to the related notion of spicy foods and stress as culprits. Yet no convincing study has ever demonstrated that emotional upset, psychological distress or spicy food directly causes ulcer disease. By the mid 20th century it was widely accepted that excess hydrochloric acid prompted the stomach to eat itself. Fervent proponents of this idea were referred to as the acid Mafia. The biggest hole in this theory was that antacids only provide temporary relief. We now know that some rare ulcers are indeed caused by too much hydrochloric acid, but they make up less than 1% of all cases. Doctor Marshall and Doctor Warren pinpointed a spiral shaped bacteria called Helicobacter pylori or H. Pylori as the real offender. H. Pylori is one of humanity's oldest and most frequent companions, having joined us at least 50,000 years ago and now found in 50 per cent of people. Previously, we thought the stomach was sterile on account of it being such an acidic, hostile environment, yet H. Pylori survives the acidic turmoil of the stomach with a variety of features that disrupt mucosal defense in its favor. For example, it produces an enzyme called urease that helps protect it from the surrounding gastric acid. H. Pylori can make over 1500 proteins, many of which are dedicated to maximizing its virulence. We still have unanswered questions like why specific people develop ulcers at particular times. However, we do know individual genetics. Other medical problems, use of certain medications, smoking.

And the genetic diversity of Helicobacter strains all play a role.

In particular, certain pain medications used to reduce inflammation in joints have been discovered to work with H. Pylori to create more severe stomach ulcers. Dr Marshall ended up being fine after his famous, albeit dangerous experiment. He ingested a course of antibiotics similar to the ones taken now for ulcers.

To be treated by simple antibiotics is a modern triumph for a disease that previously needed surgery.

Marshall's work also reminded us that scientific progress is not always smooth, but there's value in trusting your proverbial and sometimes literal gut.

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